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Quantities surveying-Cost estimation The following paragraphs refer to the quantities and cost estimation of the building shown at the ...
Foundation Spread footings Paragraph 1.2.5 provides all information regarding spread footings. The following example con- cerns a simple ...
Staircases Staircases appear in a number of forms and behave in different ways, as shown at the following figures: simply supported (pinned on ...
Slabs The general concepts regarding slabs were explained in paragraph 1.2.3 while the concepts regarding their behavior were explained ...
Beams General The following figure shows one beam supported by two columns. This beam, due to its elasticity (stiffness) and the ...
Composite elements A composite column is every vertical element composed by a number of rectangular members, one of which is considered to be a ...
Shear walls General Shear walls are vertically oriented elements that apart from their ability to bear vertical loads, they also ...
A coal mine in China’s Inner Mongolia collapsed due to landslide failure on February 22, killing at least 4 people, injuring several others and ...
Reinforcement in structural elements Columns Consider a column with cross section 30x30cm. This is the smallest allowable column ...
Standardized cross-sections of reinforced concrete elements Modern times require the use of standardized shapes and sizes of columns ...
