Concrete Structures Books
Description Description of thixotropyRheology is the science dealing with the deformation and flow of materials and is typically described based on the relationship between shear stress and shear rate, as shown in Fig. 1. Viscosity (η) is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate at a given shear rate.Concrete rheology is most commonly characterized […]
Concrete Thixotropy (ACI 238.2T-14) Read More »
Description Fresh concrete properties are related to the properties of hardened concrete. Poor placement or consolidation leads to honeycombing, which reduces compressive strength and increases permeability, thereby leaving the concrete open to chemical attack. Nevertheless, fresh concrete properties are not always properly measured or predicted. The main measurement of workability, the slump test, is not
Report on Measurements of Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete Read More »
Description High-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete is a sustainable construction material when proportioned properly and used in appropriate construction applications. This report summa-rizes published data on the composition and properties of the material, such as workability, strength, and durability. The report affirms the viability of HVFA concrete for structural applications and discusses construction issues. HVFA
Report on High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Structural Applications Read More »
Description Fly ash, a by-product from the combustion of pulverizedcoal, is widely used as a cementitious and pozzolanic ingredientin hydraulic cement concrete. Because it improves manydesirable properties of concrete, it is introduced either as aseparately batched material (as in ASTM C 618, Class F or C) oras a component of blended cement (ASTM C 595
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete Read More »
Description Pozzolans are made up of siliceous or siliceous and alumi-nous materials that, in finely divided form, will react with calcium hydroxide to form cementitious materials. The term “pozzolan” evolved from the name given to a deposit of volcanic material located near Pozzuoli, Italy. This deposit, originally referred to as pozzolana, consisted of pumice ash,
Report on the Use of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Read More »
Description This report contains information on applications, materials ,properties, mixture proportioning, design, construction, and quality-control inspection and testing procedures for soil cement. The intent of this report is to provide basic information on soil cement technology with an emphasis on current practice regarding mixture proportioning, properties, testing, and construction. This report does not provide information
Report on Soil Cement Read More »
Description Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are used to deter-mine concrete properties and to evaluate the condition of concrete in deep foundations, bridges, buildings, pavements, dams, and other concrete construction. For this report, NDT is defined as generally noninvasive, with the excep-tion of transport property tests, which may cause easily-repaired surface damage. While coring and load
Report on Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures Read More »
Description In-place tests are performed typically on concrete within astructure, in contrast to tests performed on molded specimensmade from the concrete to be used in the structure. Histori-cally, they have been called nondestructive tests becausesome of the early tests did not damage the concrete. Over theyears, however, new methods have developed that result insuperficial local
In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength Read More »
Description This guide addresses how to reduce potential cracking in reinforced concrete buildings in the design process through judicious consideration of building layout, selection of appropriate connections and joint types, and use of good rein-forcement details. Each member within a structure may be subject to different types of cracks. Once the building design is developed,
Guide to Design Detailing to Mitigate Cracking Read More »
Description Joints are necessary in concrete structures for a variety of reasons. Not all concrete in a given structure can be placed continuously, so there are construction joints that allow for work to be resumed after a period of time. Since concrete undergoes volume changes, principally related to shrinkage and temperature changes, it can be
Joints in Concrete Construction Read More »
Description Because concrete is relatively weak and brittle intension, cracking is expected when significant tensile stress is induced in a member. Mild reinforcement and/orprestressing steel can be used to provide the necessary tensile strength of a tension member. However, a number of factors must be considered in both design and con-struction to insure proper control
Cracking of Concrete Members in Direct Tension Read More »
Description Cracks in concrete have many causes. They may affect appearance only, or they may indicate significant structural distress or a lack of durability. Cracks may represent the to talextent of the damage, or they may point to problems of greater magnitude. Their significance depends on the type of structure, as well as the nature
Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures Read More »
Description Guide to Design and Construction Practices to Mitigate Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures Corrosion of metals in concrete is a serious type of deterioration that affects concrete in service. Corrosion is seen in parking structures, marine structures, industrial plants, buildings, bridges, and pavements. The Federal Highway Administration published a report in 2001 that
Description Several attempts were made to prestress concrete in the 1800s, but modern development of prestressed concrete began in 1928 and is credited to E. Freyssinet of France (Lin and Burns 1981). Freyssinet understood the importance of prestressing using high-strength steel to avoid prestressing losses that significantly reduce the applied prestressing force. Use of prestressed
Report on Corrosion of Prestressing Steels Read More »
Description In many parts of the world, precautions must be taken to avoid excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate reactivity(AAR) in many types of concrete construction. AAR may involve siliceous aggregates (alkali-silica reactivity, ASR)or carbonate aggregates (alkali-carbonate reactivity, ACR),and failure to take precautions may result in progressive deterioration, requiring costly repair and rehabilitation ofconcrete structures to
Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity Read More »
Description This standard describes acceptable methods for determining the fire resistance of concrete building and masonry buildingassemblies and structural elements, including walls, floor and roof slabs, beams, columns, lintels, and masonry fireprotection for structural steel columns. These methods shallbe used for design and analysis purposes and shall be based on the fire exposure and applicable
Description This standard provides requirements for determining fire resistance of concrete and masonry elements and assem-blies. Calculation procedures for determining fire resistance are provided for concrete walls, floors, roofs, and columns and masonry walls, lintels, and columns. Procedures are also included for determining requirements for concrete cover, protection of structural steel columns using concrete or
Description Core testing is the most direct method to determine the in-place compressive strength of concrete in a structure.Generally, cores are obtained to:•Assess, if required, whether concrete in a new structurecomplies with strength-based acceptance criteria; or•Determine in-place concrete strengths in an existingstructure for evaluation of structural capacity.In new construction, cylinder strength tests failing to meetstrength-based
Guide for Obtaining Cores and Interpreting Compressive Strength Results Read More »
Description An admixture is defined as “a material other than water,aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fiber reinforcement usedas an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the batchimmediately before or during its mixing” (AmericanConcrete Institute 2010; ASTM C125). Chemical admixturesare primarily water-soluble substances used to enhance theproperties of concrete or mortar in the plastic and
Report on Chemical Admixtures for Concrete Read More »
Description Project specifications, reference publications, drawings, and other contract documents contain the requirements for concrete materials, proportions, and characteristics. Concrete mixtures intended to satisfy these requirements are usually submitted based on field test results, laboratory trial mixture data, or both. The purchaser’s acceptance of mate-rials and mixtures is based on conformance of the submitted details
Guide for Submittal of Concrete Proportions Read More »
