Civil Engineering Projects
SECTIONAL VIEWS
INTRODUCTION TO SECTIONS
There are two methods by which we can describe the inner shape of an object. First method is to use ...
Orthographic Drawing PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
PART-A, FREEHAND SKETCHING
For Problems .1 to 3.5 three orthographic views are to be sketched and the ...
SYMBOLS USED IN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
For drawings made on very reduced scales like survey maps or for some types of
working drawings, we use ...
MODELS
Models of a simple object may easily be made in modeling wax, soap or wood. For soap
models1 rectangular block of soap having a size ...
FREEHAND SKETCHING
A freehand sketch is a drawing in which all the proportions and measurements are
judged by the eye and all the lines ...
TRANSFERING DIMENSIONS IN BETWEEN THE VIEWS
During drawing work, avoid duplication of laying down the same measurements.
Height dimensions may ...
ORDER OF DRAWING
1. Find total length (L), width (W) and height (H) of the object. If any of these is not
given as a whole, add suitable parts ...
CENTER-LINES AND PRECEDENCE OF LINES
Center-lines are used to indicate the following:
1. Axes of symmetry for all the symmetrical portions of ...
HIDDEN FEATURES
To describe n object completely, a drawing must contain lines representing all the edges, intersections and surface limits of the ...
ARRANGEMENT OF VIEWS
Upto this stage, it has been discussed how top view, front view and end view can be
obtained on horizontal, frontal and ...
CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACES
Horizontal, frontal and profile surfaces are those which are parallel to the horizontal,
frontal and profile planes ...
THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Most commonly only three orthographic views are drawn for an object namely front view, top view and end view. End view ...
