FORMWORK

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November 29, 2022

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FORMWORK

What is Formwork?

Formwork is a mould including all supporting structures, used to shape and support the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight.
It should be capable of carrying all imposed dead and live loads apart from its own weight.

Formwork is commonly made of
- Steel
- Timber

TIMBER FORMWORK

STEEL FORMWORK

Formwork has been in use since the beginning of concrete construction.
New materials such as steel, plastics and fibreglass are used in formwork.
Greater attention is being given to the design, fabrication, erection and dismantling of formwork
Formwork is designed according to The ACI document SP-4.

Qualities of Formwork

In order to successfully carry out its function, formwork must achieve a balance of following requirements:
- Containment
- Strength
- Resistance To Leakage
- Accuracy
- Ease Of Handling
- Finish And Reuse Potential
- Access For Concrete
- Economy

Containment: formwork must be capable of shaping and supporting the fluid concrete until it cures.
Strength: formwork must be capable of safely withstanding without distortion or danger the dead weight of the fluid concrete is placed on it, labour weight, equipment weight and any environmental loadings.
- Ease of Handling: form panels and units should be designed so that their maximum size does not exceed that which can be easily handled by hand or mechanical means.
  - In addition all formwork must also be designed and constructed to include facilities for adjustments, levelling, easing and striking without damage to the form work or concrete.
- Economy: all the formwork is very expensive. On average about 35% of the total cost of any finished concrete unit or element can be attributed to its formwork; of this just over 40% can be taken for material for formwork and 60% for labour.
  - The formwork designer must therefore not only consider the maximum number of times that any form can be reused, but also produce a design that will minimize the time taken for erection and striking.

Major objectives considered in formwork:

Quality

Safety

Economy

Quality:

Forms must be designed and built with sufficient stiffness and accuracy so that the size, shape, position, and finish of the cast concrete are maintained.
Safety:

Forms must be built sufficient strength and factor of safety the capable of all supporting loads.
Economy:

Forms must be built efficiently, minimizing time and cost.

so that they have

Requirements of formwork:
- Material should be cheap and re usable,
- It should be practically water proof, so that it should not absorb water from concrete,
- Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum,
- Strong enough to with stand all external loads,
- Deflection should be minimum,
- Surface should be smooth
- Light in weight, so that easy to transfer,
- Joints should be stiff, so that lateral deformation and leak

is minimum .

Three stages in the process :

FORMWORK FOR SLAB:
- FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
  - It consists of
    - Vertical & inclined posts
    - Inclined members
      
      — Wooden Planks or sheeting
    - Stringer
    - Riser Planks
  - FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
FORMWORK FOR SPIRAL STAIRS :
FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

For tall chimneys two types of forms techniques are in generally use in our country
- Jump form
- Slip form

Type of Cement
1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix
  1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to weak ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition
  1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions as compared to cold and humid weather conditions.

Time of Removal of formwork:

Cantilever slab

Maintenance of formwork:
- Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates surfaces become uneven and require maintenance.
- For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also be repaired.
- For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet and loose corners must be welded.
  - Cost of formwork
    - For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-40%
      
      of the concrete cost.
    - For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-60%
      
      of the concrete cost.
    - Formwork cost is controlled by the following factors
      - Formwork Material cost
      - Formwork erecting cost
      - Formwork removal cost
      - Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)
      - Labor charges.
Advantages of steel form work:
- It can be used for a no. of times.
- It is non absorbent.
- Smooth finish surface obtained.
- No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
- Easy to use.
- Its volume is less
- Its strength is more.
- LOADS ON FORMWORK:

Dead load
- Self weight of formwork
- Pressure and loads from fresh concrete
- Reinforcement
Imposed load
- Construction workers
- Stacking of materials
Horizontal loads
Environmental loads
- Accidental loads
- Wind loads