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November 28, 2022

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Ceramic Tiles

Materials and Method of Construction

Building Stones &

Ceramic Tiles

Rock :

A large concreted mass of earthy or mineral matter
Stone :

Quarried or smaller pieces of rock for a specified function such as a building block

GEOLOGICAL CLASSES OF ROCKS

Igneous: Formed by cooling and thus solidfying from a molten state. (Granite, Basalt)
Sedimentary : Formed by a process of cementation of small particles that result from the disintegration of rocks. (Limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic Rocks : Formed by gradual changes in the structures of either igneous or sedimentary rocks caused by heat, water, pressure. (Marble, Slate)

Stone Masonry

Commercial Stone Types
- Granite

For commercial purposes, building stone is classified into six groups according to ASTM C199.

Limestone
Quartz-based
Slate
Marble
Other

COMMONLY USED BUILDING STONES

Granite :
- Intrusive igneous rock
- Granite is a strong, hard & non- porous rock
- It is a desirable foundation & building material.
Quartz Based:
Sedimentary Sandstone: from quartz deposits
Brownstone, and some varieties of bluestone are varieties of sandstone
- Limestone : Sedimentary rock
  - It is used as a concrete aggregate
  - It is used in the production of cement & lime
- Marble : Metamorphosed limestone
  - Harder than limestone
  - Used for interior work or wall or column facing
- Slate : Metamorphosed clay
Used for flooring, interior or exterior wall facing.

Stone Masonry

Stone Selection

High density and low water absorption correlate with greater durability.

Stone Masonry

Stone Masonry

May also be dry set, stacked without mortar or set on shims with sealant-filled joints.

Stone Masonry

Rubble Masonry

Unsquared stone blocks

Stone Masonry

Rubble Masonry

Random: Laid without continuous horizontal joints

Coursed: Laid with continuous horizontal joints

Stone Masonry

Ashlar Masonry

Squared blocks

Ashlar Masonry

The various types of Ashlar masonry can be classified under the following categories are

Ashlar fine
Ashlar rough
Ashlar rock or quarry faced
Ashlar facing
Ashlar chamfered
Ashlar block in course

Ashlar Masonry

Ashlar fine Ashlar rough

Ashlar Masonry

Ashlar rock or quarry faced

Ashlar facing

Ashlar Masonry

Ashlar block in course Ashlar chamfered

Lifting Appliances for Stone Masonry

Pin Lewis
Chain Dogs
Chain Lewis
Three Legged Lewis

PRODUCTION STEPS

Quarrying: Big chunks are cut at the side, loosened at the bottom by wedging & removed by cranes
Shaping & Finishing: Taken to the factory & cut and finished to the desired shapes.

PROPERTIES OF STONES

Durability : mainly abrasion
Strength
Both strength & durability are affected by the texture & mineral composition, chemical charactersitics & physical characteristics.
Porosity
Water Absorption
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Fire resistance

Uses of Stones
- Building foundations, walls, piers, pillars, and architectural
  
  works.
- Lintels, Beams, beams Arches, domes etc.,
- Cladding Works
- Dams, light houses, monumental structures.
- Paving jobs
- Railway, ballast, black boards and electrical switch boards

Pakistan Stone Development Company

http://pasdec.com.pk/

Ceramic Tiles: The Basics

Ceramic means “fired clay” and tile means “covering.”
Common raw materials are sand, clay, talc, feldspar.
A ceramic tile is just clay that’s formed, glazed and baked.

Figure: Wall & floor tiles.

Tile, Ceramic (clay) – Glazed

Glazed (fired) in a high temperature kiln
Stone Look -slate or other finishes
Metallic Glazed (fired)
Colors, textures, shapes are in the thousands

Tile, Ceramic (clay) – Unglazed

Clay body – Fired – Not glazed or coated

Mexican Tile – Saltillo(In the family of terracotta tile, but more rustic)
Mosaic Tile (Small – square, hex, rectangle)
Porcelain Tile (Stone Look” has stone texture and colors pressed into the face)
Quarry Tile(Top is a wood pattern quarry tile)
Terracotta Tile

Terra cotta cladding

Other Types of Masonry

Site Selection

It means selection of best site for the project which provide
- Safety
- Economy
It is a project specific job.
It depends on the
- Requirements of user/client
- Use of Project
- Finance available
General Rules for site selection
It should provide minimum disturbance to the residents of the area.
Site should be selected that it provides good drainage.
Site should be easily accessible.
Construction material should be easily available.
Transportation of construction material is easy.

Orientation of Buildings & setting out of Civil engineering Projects

What is Orientation of buildings?

It is defined as the art of placing a building in such a position that its front faces a particular direction.

Object of Orientation of Buildings

To place the building so as to suit its surroundings. To provide natural comfort to users.

To provide privacy to inmates.

To protect residents from dust and noise pollution.

To place the building in such direction that its minimum portion comes in contact with direct rain showers so as to avoid dampness in building.

Factors effecting Orientation of Buildings

Following factors are important for deciding the Orientation of Buildings.
- Surroundings of the Site
  
  The building should be so oriented that it suits surrounding of the site.
- Approach to road or street
  
  Approach to nearby road means a good orientation.
- Sun Movement.
Sun path and sun rays are important in deciding the placement of different rooms in a building.

Sun Movement.
Sun is the important source of energy, natural light and Temperature.
If sunrays are properly falling on the building then it will provide a good living conditions in the buildings.