Projects that involve both the construction or renovation of a structure or an alteration of part of the environment are considered part of civil engineering.
5 major civil engineering projects:
Water engineering.
Construction and management engineering.
Structural engineering.
Geotechnical engineering.
Transport engineering.
DRAWING OF A BUILDING After having practice to draw plan, section and elevation for important features of a building, drawing of a small typical building may be started. A single room building may serve the purpose of a shop, clinic, cafeteria or a filling station office, etc. Two- room building may serve the purpose of […]
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TYPICAL FEATURES PRESENT IN A BUILDING Window When window is cut horizontally, as in plan of the building, an empty space is obtained between two ends of the solid wall. Symbol of brickwork in section will come in the solid wall but not in the space for the window as in Fig. 6.10 (A). Further
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DRAWING OF A BOUNDARY WALL Boundary wall is a simplest civil engineering structure just consisting of a single wall present on periphery of the building. Functions of a boundary wall and an idea about its height are available in paragraph 6.1.15. It is important to note that no external vertical load is coming on a
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BUILDING DRAWING BASIC DDEEFFINITIONS Concrete Concrete is a mixture of stone particles and some suitable binding material. While in fresh state, concrete is plastic or fluid-like and may be molded in any shape but, with time, it hardens and becomes an artificial stone-like material. Because small stone particles may be “assembled” at site to provide
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PICTORIAL SKETCHING PROBLEMS Draw isometric views for problems 5.1 to 5.4 and two-point perspective views for the first two problems.
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TO DRAW A TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE 1. In the upper portion of the drawing sheet, top view of the station point (SP), the picture plane (PP), and the object are drawn as shown in Fig. 5.9. The station point should be located at a point from which the object can be best described. In two- point perspective,
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PERSPECTIVE SKETCHING A pictorial or perspective projection is a method of producing a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object that shows the height, width, and depth simultaneously. Perspective sketching is the representation of an object as it would appear to the eye when viewed from a definite position from the object. Camera photograph of an
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PICTORIAL SKETCHING ISOMETRIC SKETCHING An isometric sketch, although a pictorial, or three- dimensional drawing, is not drawn as an object appears to the eye. It is made according to the actual dimensions as far as possible. For this reason, it often looks unnatural or distorted. However, because it can be dimensioned and it is easy
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READING ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS If a try is made to conceive the three-dimensional shape of any object from its orthographic views in one step considering all the features together, it is impossible to do so. To read orthographic views, look for lines showing some feature in all the views and try to guess shape of that
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DETAILS BEHIND THE CUTTING PLANE All the details behind the cutting plane visible after the cutting must be drawn as simple orthographic view. Fig 4.16 shows an object pictorially with front part removed thus exposing the inner details. A sectional front view of the cut surface without the visible features, as shown in the figure,
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