Projects that involve both the construction or renovation of a structure or an alteration of part of the environment are considered part of civil engineering.
5 major civil engineering projects:
Water engineering.
Construction and management engineering.
Structural engineering.
Geotechnical engineering.
Transport engineering.
Shear walls General Shear walls are vertically oriented elements that apart from their ability to bear vertical loads, they also limit the horizontal deformations of the structural frame. Since as a rule, they carry gravity loads, their large size is not entirely required. On the other hand, that large size is abso- lutely necessary […]
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Reinforcement in structural elements Columns Consider a column with cross section 30x30cm. This is the smallest allowable column section when seismic behavior is required. It is reinforced with 4 longitudinal bars and one stirrup. The cross section described is not generally used but it was chosen in this introductory paragraph for training purposes. The column
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Standardized cross-sections of reinforced concrete elements Modern times require the use of standardized shapes and sizes of columns and beams com- posing the load bearing frame of structures. This means regular usage of elements with sec- tions that belong to certain categories. Of course the use of elements with non-standardized sections is not prohibited
Industrial stirrups – stirrup cages The most complex, hard and time consuming part of the reinforcement implementation is the placement of stirrups. In the duration of this process a large amount of time is being spent and the biggest mistakes are being made. The industrialization of such a complicated and diverse procedure that traditionally
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Reinforcement specifications of antiseismic design Reinforcement specifications of reinforced concrete earthquake resistant structures include the detailing specifications applied to conventional structures as well since earthquakes occur very rarely in the structures’ life span. For a structure to be earthquake resistant it must firstly abide by the regulations regarding usual structures. However, its construction demands
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Concrete General information Concrete is composed by pitchers, gravels, sand, cement and water. It is created by blending these materials in measured amounts and stirring the mixture for a short period of time. The concrete’s main characteristic is the fact that it hardens within a few hours from its casting; moreover it gains a
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Thermal insulation of structural elements When the thermal insulation is embedded inside the exterior or the interior shell of the building and it is independent of the structural frame’s construction, the solution is clear and most of all effective. However, when the thermal insulation is placed upon the exterior or the interior sur- face
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The moulds The elements of the moulds used for the formation of structural reinforced concrete members are separated in four categories: The mould elements might be conventional or industrialized. The former are mainly made out of natural timber and based on their section dimensions they are called: The elements of a conventional scaffold are made
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The construction methods of the structural elements of the building’s frame The materials In earthquake prone regions, the most crucial factor of the reinforced concrete building’s strength is the reinforcement placed inside its structural frame. As a rule, in an already built structure the load bearing frame is not visible. Also, during its
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BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME Reinforced concrete is composed of two materials, concrete (beton) and reinforcement. The reinforcement is usually made out of steel and rarely, at least for the time being, is made out of composite materials, composites. The reinforcement is divided in two basic categories: (a) the longitudinal reinforcement in the form
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