Projects that involve both the construction or renovation of a structure or an alteration of part of the environment are considered part of civil engineering.
5 major civil engineering projects:
Water engineering.
Construction and management engineering.
Structural engineering.
Geotechnical engineering.
Transport engineering.
Total estimation of the materials’ quantities ESTIMATION OF CONCRETE (m³) Level Superstructure Foundation Sum (m3) Slabs – Beams Columns Foundation Ground floor 4.97 1.60 6.6 Basement 5.41 3.85 5.51 14.8 SUM (m3) 10.38 5.45 5.51 21.3 ESTIMATION OF FORMWORK (m²) Level Superstructure Foundation Sum (m2) Slabs – Beams Columns […]
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Estimation of the reinforcements’ quantity Ground floor – Slabs 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 ESTIMATION OF REBARS Diam. Ø Weight/m (Kg) Quantity n Total length L*n (m) Additional weight b (Kg) Total weight L*n*sw + b (Kg) 8 0.395 46 103.16 0.0 40.7 10 0.617 49 214.23 0.0 132.1 Sum – 95 – 0.0 172.8 Ground
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Estimation of the spacers’ quantity If there is no other rule to follow when calculating the spacers of the formwork, one could use the empirical rule presented below: RULES FOR ESTIMATING THE QUANTITTIES OF SPACERS AND REBAR CHAIRS Superstructure and foundation beams: (2m of ‘linear spacers + 2 ‘pieces of point support’) in every meter
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Estimation of the formworks’ quantity In constructional works, it is common practice to pay the technicians responsible for the form- work implementation, based upon the quantity (in m3) of casted concrete. However, the most proper way is to separate those two things therefore, the following pages regard the estimation of the required moulds. Ground
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Quantities surveying-Cost estimation The following paragraphs refer to the quantities and cost estimation of the building shown at the next fig- ure. It is comprised of a ground floor and a basement (with one shear wall) while its strip foundation is combined with spread footings tied together by connecting beams. The following paragraphs present
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Foundation Spread footings Paragraph 1.2.5 provides all information regarding spread footings. The following example con- cerns a simple spread footing with its footing shaped like a box. The spread footing behaves like an inverted cantilever with loads applied in the upward direc- tion. As a rule, a spread footing is a quite rigid element therefore,
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Staircases Staircases appear in a number of forms and behave in different ways, as shown at the following figures: simply supported (pinned on both sides, fixed on one side, fixed on both sides), cantile- ver, winder, helical, etc. The following paragraphs examine the reinforcement of the most com- monly met staircases which are the orthogonal
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Slabs The general concepts regarding slabs were explained in paragraph 1.2.3 while the concepts regarding their behavior were explained in paragraph 1.4.1. This paragraph refers to the rules concerning the slab reinforcement. One-way slab (simply supported slab) The following describe the way to reinforce a one-way (simply supported) slab. The structural frame consists of
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Beams General The following figure shows one beam supported by two columns. This beam, due to its elasticity (stiffness) and the loads that it bears (self weight, supported slab, walls, etc), is deformed by the way mentioned in chapter 1.4.2 The reinforcement placed inside beams is comprised of the longitudinal bars and the transverse reinforcement
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Composite elements A composite column is every vertical element composed by a number of rectangular members, one of which is considered to be a shear wall i.e. has a length to thickness ratio ≥ 4. The simplest composite column is the one-member shear wall, like S1. From a static point of view, S1 is composed
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