EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE is the physical principle behind the pressure tube (Pitot) or pressure-plate anemometer. … The wind pressure is also used to orient wind vanes and measure the wind direction. The pressure plate measures the deflection of a flat plate that is continually oriented along the wind direction by a vane.
EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE (Pe) Read More »
Dynamic wind load gives rise to vertical motion, creating oscillations in any direction. Like the breaking of an overused violin string, oscillations are vibrations that can cause a bridge to fail.
DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE (qs) Read More »
AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING In tall buildings, columns carry huge loads which effectively compress the column along its axis. This is commonly known as ‘axial shortening’. The axial column displacements generate significant forces within the structural elements they support, and can also cause failure of surrounding non-structural elements.
AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING to EN 1992-1 : 2003 Read More »
A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side.
Basement wall design to BS8110:1997, BS8002:1994. BS 8004:1986 etc. Read More »
Circular Column: Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used as a reinforcement bar and its bending resistance is generally higher than the square or rectangular column.
COLUMN CHART FOR CIRCULAR COLUMNS TO BS 8110:1997 Read More »
An engineer needs to carry this calculation out for every column and every floor, summing the results at the end to arrive at a cumulative load for a given column at the foundation.
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called ‘drop panels’
FLAT SLAB ANALYSIS & DESIGN to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
Ribbed slabs are slabs cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists which in turn are supported by a set of beams. The main advantage of ribbed floors is the reduction in weight achieved by removing part of concrete below the neutral axis. … Solid slabs of uniform thickness can be one-way or two way.
RIGOROUS RIBBED SLAB DESIGN to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
RIGOROUS ONE-WAY SOLID RC SLAB DESIGN to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
SPREADSHEETS FOR CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110 and EC2 User Guide to Excel spreadsheet files for contemporary reinforced concrete design to BS 8110: Part 1, 1997 and EC2 (ENV 1992) with commentary C H Goodchild BSc, CEng, MCIOB, MIStructE R M Webster CEng, FIStructE NB This version of the User Guide may have been superseded
Spreadsheets for RC Design to BS 8110 and EC2 Read More »
The general steps for analysing a determinate frame are: Use equilibrium to find all reaction forces. Split the frame into separate members. Any point load or moment which acts directly on a joint between two or more members must be placed on only ONE of the members when they are split up.
SUBFRAME ANALYSIS to BS8110:1997 Read More »
Axial tension force can be defined as the force acting on a body in its axial direction. It’s a pulling force that will cause the body to elongate linearly in the positive direction causing a change in its dimension. Axial–Flexual Response of Cross-Sections The actual bending in a flexural member is about a single axis, defined earlier
BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
he elements of design are the fundamental aspects of any visual design which include shape, color, space, form, line, value, and texture. Graphic designers use the elements of design to create an image that can convey a certain mood, draw the eye in a certain direction, or evoke a number of feelings.
ELEMENT DESIGN to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
Wind speed is normally measured by a cup anemometer consisting of three or four cups, conical or hemispherical in shape, mounted symmetrically about a vertical spindle. The wind blowing into the cups causes the spindle to rotate. … Calibration corrections are applied to the measured wind speed.
Wind Loading Calculations 2 Read More »
Wind speed is normally measured by a cup anemometer consisting of three or four cups, conical or hemispherical in shape, mounted symmetrically about a vertical spindle. The wind blowing into the cups causes the spindle to rotate. … Calibration corrections are applied to the measured wind speed.
Wind Loading Calculations Read More »
The prestress loss due to elastic shortening in pretensioned members is taken as the concrete stress at the centroid of the prestressing steel at transfer, f cgp, multiplied by the ratio of the modulus of elasticities of the prestressing steel and the concrete at transfer.
CALCULATING FRICTION AND ANCHOR SET LOSSES IN POST-TENSIONED TENDONS Read More »
Liquid retaining structures are to be designed for hydrostatic pressure force, active earth pressure, wind force, seismic force, in addition to self-weight and imposed load. Being more vulnerable to corrosion problem, they have stringent requirements against serviceability limit state of crack.
Liquid Retaining Reinforced Concrete Section to BS 8007& BS 8110 Read More »
A stair flight is a The simplest type of staircase consists of an inclined, reinforced concrete slab. It is supported at its ends by beams, and steps are formed on its upper surface. … The units become monolithic through the action of the reinforcing steel and site cast concrete of the column.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASES to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. Flight. It is a continuous series of steps in one direction,, separated by horizontal platforms or winders. Landing.
STAIR FLIGHTS AND LANDINGS to BS 8110:1997 Read More »
The two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all sides of walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is less than two and it twists or bends in both direction while transferring the loads to the walls or beams.
2-WAY SPANNING INSITU CONCRETE SLABS to BS 8110:1997 (Table 3.14) Read More »
