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Concrete Structures Books

Concrete Structures Books

Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-08) and Commentary 1

Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-08) and Commentary

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Description As industry expanded in the years immediately following World War I and, as a result of the development of large pulverized coal-fired boilers for the electric power-generatingutilities in the 1920s, a number of large reinforced concrete chimneys were constructed to accommodate these new facilities. A group of interested engineers who foresaw the potential need […]

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Guide to Cold Weather Concreting 2

Guide to Cold Weather Concreting

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Description Cold weather exists when the air temperature has fallen to, or is expected to fall below 40°F (4°C) during the protection period. The protection period is defined as the time required to prevent concrete from being affected by exposure to cold weather. Concrete placed during cold weather will develop sufficient strength and durability to

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Guide to Hot Weather Concreting 3

Guide to Hot Weather Concreting

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Description Hot weather can create problems in mixing, placing, andcuring hydraulic-cement concrete that adversely affect theproperties and serviceability of the concrete. Most of theseproblems relate to the increased rate of cement hydration athigher temperature and increased evaporation rate of moisturefrom the freshly mixed concrete. The rate of cement hydrationdepends on ambient and concrete temperature, cementcomposition

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Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete 4

Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete

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Description This guide outlines procedures for achieving good results in measuring and mixing ingredients for concrete, transporting it to the site, and placing it. The first six chapters are general and apply to all types of projects and concrete. The following four chapters deal with preplaced-aggregate concrete, underwater placing, pumping, and conveying on belts. The

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Guide to Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice 5

Guide to Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice

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Description This guide presents recommendations for cast-in-place architectural concrete that is exposed to view. Architectural concrete requires special care in the selection of concrete materials, forming, placing, and finishing to achieve the desired architectural appearance. Refer to the photos in examples of architectural cast-in-place concrete. Various procedures are recommended for deter-mining requirements of the architect,

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Specifications for Structural Concrete (301M-10) 6

Specifications for Structural Concrete (301M-10)

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Description This is a Reference Specification that the Architect/Engineer can apply toany construction project involving structural concrete by citing it in the Project Specifications. Checklists are provided to assist the Architect/Engi-neer in supplementing the provisions of this Reference Specification asneeded by designating or specifying individual project requirements. The first five sections of this document cover

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Specifications for Structural Concrete 7

Specifications for Structural Concrete

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Description This is a Reference Specification that the Architect/Engineer can apply toany construction project involving structural concrete by citing it in the Project Specifications. Checklists are provided to assist the Architect/Engi-neer in supplementing the provisions of this Reference Specification asneeded by designating or specifying individual project requirements. The first five sections of this document cover

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Self-Consolidating Concrete 8

Self-Consolidating Concrete

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Description Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is highly flowable ,non segregating concrete that can spread into place, fill the form work, and encapsulate the reinforcement without any mechanical consolidation. In general, SCC is concrete made with conventional concrete materials and, in some cases, with a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA). SCC has also been described as self-compacting concrete, self-placing

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Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete 9

Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete

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Description Silica fume, a by-product of the ferrosilicon industry, is ahighly pozzolanic material that is used to enhance mechanicaland durability properties of concrete. It may be added directlyto concrete as an individual ingredient or in a blend of portlandcement and silica fume. ACI Committee 234 estimates thatat least 120,000 metric tons (130,000 tons) of silica

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Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar 10

Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar

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Description The use of ground granulated iron blast-furnace slagcement (slag cement) as a cementitious material dates backto 1774 when Loriot made a mortar using slag cement incombination with slaked lime (Mather 1957). In 1862, Emil Langen proposed a granulation process tofacilitate removal and handling of iron blast-furnace slagleaving the blast furnace. Glassy iron blast-furnace slagswere

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Report on Early-Age Cracking, Causes, Measurement, and Mitigation 11

Report on Early-Age Cracking, Causes, Measurement, and Mitigation

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Description ACI Committee 231 defines “early age” as the period afterfinal setting, during which properties are changing rapidly.For a typical Type I portland-cement concrete moist cured atroom temperature, this period is approximately 7 days. Thisdocument, however, includes discussions of early-ageeffects beyond 7 days. It is important to understand howconcrete properties change with time during early

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Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials 12

Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials

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Description Report on Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a self-consol-idating cementitious material used primarily as a backfill as an alternative to compacted fill. Terms used to describe this material include flowable fill, controlled density fill, flow-able mortar, plastic soil-cement, and soil-cement slurry.CLSM is a mixture intended to result in a compressive strength of 1200 psi

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Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements 13

Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements

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Description Cement paste is the binder in concrete or mortar that holdsthe fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, or other constituents to-gether in a hardened mass. The term hydraulic is associatedwith the word cement in this document to point out to theconsumer that the basic mechanism by which the hardeningof the concrete or mortar takes place is

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Control of Cracking of Concrete Structures 14

Control of Cracking of Concrete Structures

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Description Cracking plays an important role in concrete’s response toload in both tension and compression. The earliest studies ofthe microscopic behavior of concrete involved the responseof concrete to compressive stress. That early work showedthat the stress-strain response of concrete is closely associatedwith the formation of microcracks, that is, cracks that form atcoarse-aggregate boundaries (bond cracks)

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Guide for the Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 15

Guide for the Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete

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Description Shrinkage-compensating concrete is made with an expansivecement or expansive component system in which initialexpansion, if properly restrained, offsets strains caused bydrying shrinkage. Since the mid-1960s, shrinkage-compensating concrete has been used in many applications. These applications include highway and airport pavements,bridge decks (Gruner and Plain 1993; Ramey et al. 1999),hydraulic structures, wastewater treatment plants, containmentstructures

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Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion 16

Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion

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Description The corrosion of metals, especially reinforcing steel, in concrete has received increasing attention in recent years be-cause of its widespread occurrence in certain types of structures and the high cost of repairing the structures. The corrosion of steel reinforcement was first observed in marine structures and chemical manufacturing plants.1-3 Recently, numerous reports of its

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Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete 17

Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete

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Description Aggregates, the major constituent of concrete, influence theproperties and performance of both freshly mixed and hard-ened concrete. In addition to serving as an inexpensive filler,they impart certain positive benefits that are described in thisguide. When they perform below expectation, unsatisfactoryconcrete may result. Their important role is frequently over-looked because of their relatively low cost

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Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test Results of Concrete 18

Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test Results of Concrete

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Description This guide provides an introduction to the evaluation ofconcrete strength test results. Procedures described areapplicable to the compressive strength test results requiredby ACI 301, ACI 318, and similar specifications and codes.Statistical concepts described are applicable for the analysisof other common concrete test results, including flexuralstrength, slump, air content, density, modulus of elasticity,and other tests

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Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete 19

Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete

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Description he objectives of this guide are to provide information and guidelines for designing and using lightweight concrete. By using such guidelines and construction practices, the struc-tures can be designed and performance predicted with the same confidence and reliability as normalweight concrete and other building materials. This guide covers the unique characteristics and perfor-mance of

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Guide for Proportioning Concrete Mixtures with Ground Limestone and Other Mineral Fillers 20

Guide for Proportioning Concrete Mixtures with Ground Limestone and Other Mineral Fillers

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Description This guide provides recommendations for proportioning normalweight concrete with ground limestone and dust-of-fracture mineral fillers. It is intended to supplement ACI 211.1. Proportioning methods for ground limestone and for dust-of-fracture mineral filler are discussed separately.Mineral filler is defined as a finely divided mineral product at least 65 percent of which passes the No. 200

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