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April 2022

Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular Materials (ACI 313-97) 1

Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular Materials (ACI 313-97)

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Description ilo failures have alerted design engineers to the danger ofdesigning silos for only static pressures due to stored mate-rial at rest. Those failures have inspired wide-spreadresearch into the variations of pressures and flow of mate-rials. The research thus far has established beyond doubt thatpressures during withdrawal may be significantly higher1-4 orsignificantly lower than those […]

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Guide to Decorative Concrete 2

Guide to Decorative Concrete

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Description Decorative concrete has been in existence since approxi-mately 70 AD, when concrete was used for defining affluent or important areas of living space in communal cultures. Early examples of this type of adornment are the streets and paving throughout the city of Pompeii near Naples, Italy. Early deco-rative concrete used colored aggregates and varying

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Guide for Consolidation of Concrete 3

Guide for Consolidation of Concrete

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Description Freshly placed unconsolidatedconcrete contains excessiveand detrimental entrapped air. If allowed to harden in thiscondition, the concrete will be porous and poorly bonded tothe reinforcement. It will have low strength, high permeability,and poor resistance to deterioration.It mayalso have a poorappearance. The mixture should be consolidated if it is tohave the properties desired and expected of

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Guide to Identification and Control of Visible Surface Effects of Consolidation on Formed Concrete Surfaces 4

Guide to Identification and Control of Visible Surface Effects of Consolidation on Formed Concrete Surfaces

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Description his guide is a reference source for specifiers, design engi-neers, architects, contractors, and other professionals who work with concrete surface finish of formed surfaces. The ability to identify or categorize negative surface effects is the first step in detecting the root cause of them. The goal of this guide is to differentiate between various

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Guide to Curing Concrete 5

Guide to Curing Concrete

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Description This guide reviews and describes the state of the art for curing concrete and provides guidance for specifying curing procedures. Curing practices, procedures, materials, and monitoring methods are described. Although the principles and practices of curing discussed in this guide are applicable to all types of concrete construction, this document does not specifically address

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Report on Internally Cured Concrete Using Prewetted Absorptive Lightweight Aggregate 6

Report on Internally Cured Concrete Using Prewetted Absorptive Lightweight Aggregate

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Description Portland-cement concrete, including mixtures with supplementary cementitious materials, does not typically develop its durability, strength, and mechanical characteris-tics without adequate curing. This report on internally cured concrete (ICC) does not presume to change the require-ment for water retention at the curing-affected zone on the concrete surface. The curing methods listed in ACI 308R-01 should

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Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-08) and Commentary 7

Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-08) and Commentary

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Description As industry expanded in the years immediately following World War I and, as a result of the development of large pulverized coal-fired boilers for the electric power-generatingutilities in the 1920s, a number of large reinforced concrete chimneys were constructed to accommodate these new facilities. A group of interested engineers who foresaw the potential need

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Guide to Cold Weather Concreting 8

Guide to Cold Weather Concreting

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Description Cold weather exists when the air temperature has fallen to, or is expected to fall below 40°F (4°C) during the protection period. The protection period is defined as the time required to prevent concrete from being affected by exposure to cold weather. Concrete placed during cold weather will develop sufficient strength and durability to

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Guide to Hot Weather Concreting 9

Guide to Hot Weather Concreting

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Description Hot weather can create problems in mixing, placing, andcuring hydraulic-cement concrete that adversely affect theproperties and serviceability of the concrete. Most of theseproblems relate to the increased rate of cement hydration athigher temperature and increased evaporation rate of moisturefrom the freshly mixed concrete. The rate of cement hydrationdepends on ambient and concrete temperature, cementcomposition

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Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete 10

Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete

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Description This guide outlines procedures for achieving good results in measuring and mixing ingredients for concrete, transporting it to the site, and placing it. The first six chapters are general and apply to all types of projects and concrete. The following four chapters deal with preplaced-aggregate concrete, underwater placing, pumping, and conveying on belts. The

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Guide to Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice 11

Guide to Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice

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Description This guide presents recommendations for cast-in-place architectural concrete that is exposed to view. Architectural concrete requires special care in the selection of concrete materials, forming, placing, and finishing to achieve the desired architectural appearance. Refer to the photos in examples of architectural cast-in-place concrete. Various procedures are recommended for deter-mining requirements of the architect,

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Specifications for Structural Concrete (301M-10) 12

Specifications for Structural Concrete (301M-10)

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Description This is a Reference Specification that the Architect/Engineer can apply toany construction project involving structural concrete by citing it in the Project Specifications. Checklists are provided to assist the Architect/Engi-neer in supplementing the provisions of this Reference Specification asneeded by designating or specifying individual project requirements. The first five sections of this document cover

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Specifications for Structural Concrete 13

Specifications for Structural Concrete

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Description This is a Reference Specification that the Architect/Engineer can apply toany construction project involving structural concrete by citing it in the Project Specifications. Checklists are provided to assist the Architect/Engi-neer in supplementing the provisions of this Reference Specification asneeded by designating or specifying individual project requirements. The first five sections of this document cover

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Self-Consolidating Concrete 14

Self-Consolidating Concrete

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Description Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is highly flowable ,non segregating concrete that can spread into place, fill the form work, and encapsulate the reinforcement without any mechanical consolidation. In general, SCC is concrete made with conventional concrete materials and, in some cases, with a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA). SCC has also been described as self-compacting concrete, self-placing

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Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete 15

Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete

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Description Silica fume, a by-product of the ferrosilicon industry, is ahighly pozzolanic material that is used to enhance mechanicaland durability properties of concrete. It may be added directlyto concrete as an individual ingredient or in a blend of portlandcement and silica fume. ACI Committee 234 estimates thatat least 120,000 metric tons (130,000 tons) of silica

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Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar 16

Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar

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Description The use of ground granulated iron blast-furnace slagcement (slag cement) as a cementitious material dates backto 1774 when Loriot made a mortar using slag cement incombination with slaked lime (Mather 1957). In 1862, Emil Langen proposed a granulation process tofacilitate removal and handling of iron blast-furnace slagleaving the blast furnace. Glassy iron blast-furnace slagswere

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Report on Early-Age Cracking, Causes, Measurement, and Mitigation 17

Report on Early-Age Cracking, Causes, Measurement, and Mitigation

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Description ACI Committee 231 defines “early age” as the period afterfinal setting, during which properties are changing rapidly.For a typical Type I portland-cement concrete moist cured atroom temperature, this period is approximately 7 days. Thisdocument, however, includes discussions of early-ageeffects beyond 7 days. It is important to understand howconcrete properties change with time during early

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Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials 18

Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials

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Description Report on Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a self-consol-idating cementitious material used primarily as a backfill as an alternative to compacted fill. Terms used to describe this material include flowable fill, controlled density fill, flow-able mortar, plastic soil-cement, and soil-cement slurry.CLSM is a mixture intended to result in a compressive strength of 1200 psi

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Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements 19

Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements

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Description Cement paste is the binder in concrete or mortar that holdsthe fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, or other constituents to-gether in a hardened mass. The term hydraulic is associatedwith the word cement in this document to point out to theconsumer that the basic mechanism by which the hardeningof the concrete or mortar takes place is

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Control of Cracking of Concrete Structures 20

Control of Cracking of Concrete Structures

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Description Cracking plays an important role in concrete’s response toload in both tension and compression. The earliest studies ofthe microscopic behavior of concrete involved the responseof concrete to compressive stress. That early work showedthat the stress-strain response of concrete is closely associatedwith the formation of microcracks, that is, cracks that form atcoarse-aggregate boundaries (bond cracks)

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