A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
RETAINING WALL design to BS EN 1997 and BS EN 1992 Read More »
AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING In tall buildings, columns carry huge loads which effectively compress the column along its axis. This is commonly known as ‘axial shortening’. The axial column displacements generate significant forces within the structural elements they support, and can also cause failure of surrounding non-structural elements.
AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
Circular Column: Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used as a reinforcement bar and its bending resistance is generally higher than the square or rectangular column.
CIRCULAR COLUMN DESIGN TO EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
Introduction Eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns are commonly exist in practice due to the existence of some bending moments. The eccentricity of the supported beams as well as the unavoidable imperfections of construction are the main sources of the developed bending moments in the columns under gravity loads. In addition, lateral loads due to wind
A column chart is a data visualization where each category is represented by a rectangle, with the height of the rectangle being proportional to the values being plotted. Column charts are also known as vertical bar charts Column charts are useful for showing data changes over a period of time or for illustrating comparisons among items. In
An engineer needs to carry this calculation out for every column and every floor, summing the results at the end to arrive at a cumulative load for a given column at the foundation.
COLUMN LOAD TAKE DOWN & DESIGN for RECTANGULAR COLUMNS to EN 1992: 2004 Read More »
A wide beams from the satellite covers large geographical areas of the planet, while narrow beams focus a frequency range in a smaller area. … BGAN Satellites employ spot-beam technology that overlap for seamless worldwide coverage.
WIDE BEAM ANALYSIS & DESIGN to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. … The program provides for the ultimate strength and service stress design and analysis of one-way beam and slab and two-way flat plate systems.
POST-TENSIONED ANALYSIS & DESIGN to BS EN 1992-1:2004 Read More »
The analysis of continuous beams and frames to determine the bending moments and shear is an essential step in the design process of these members. Furthermore, the evaluation of the maximum deflection is a mandatory step in checking the adequacy of the design.
CONTINUOUS BEAM ANALYSIS & DESIGN to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called ‘drop panels’
FLAT SLAB ANALYSIS & DESIGN to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
A Ribbed Slab gives considerable extra strength in one direction while a waffle slab gives added strength in both directions. And this is possible only in monolithically cast concrete which is the two-way grid of beams. In comparison to the solid slab, the span limits of ribbed slabs are considerably longer.
RIBBED SLABS to EN 1992-1: 2004 Read More »
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
RIGOROUS ONE-WAY SOLID RC SLAB DESIGN to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
ONE-WAY SOLID RC SLAB DESIGN to EN 1992-1: 2004 Read More »
SUBFRAME ANALYSIS The general steps for analysing a determinate frame are: Use equilibrium to find all reaction forces. Split the frame into separate members. Any point load or moment which acts directly on a joint between two or more members must be placed on only ONE of the members when they are split up.
SUBFRAME ANALYSIS to EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
The axial resistivity, Ri, is a measure of the Ohmic resistance of the intracellular medium of a neuronal process (e.g., axon or dendrite). Ri is defined as the resistance of the medium contained within a fixed-radius cylinder of unit length and unit cross-sectional area, measured between the flat ends of the cylinder.
RESISTANCE of AXIALY LOADED WALLS/SLABS to BSEN 1992-1 & 3 Read More »
Introduction. Crack width calculation is one of the serviceability requirements in the structural concrete elements. … The crack width of a flexural member is obtained by multiplying the maximum crack spacing by the mean strain of the flexural steel reinforcement.
FLEXURAL CRACK WIDTH CALCULATION to BS EN 1992-1 : 2004 Read More »
Punching shear is a phenomenon where a concentrated force on a slab causes a shear failure cone that “punches” through. Punching shear calculations require a demand value and a capacity value. Many hand calculations will consider a punching shear force against a punching shear capacity force.
PUNCHING SHEAR to BS EN 1992-1: 2004 Read More »
Axial tension force can be defined as the force acting on a body in its axial direction. It’s a pulling force that will cause the body to elongate linearly in the positive direction causing a change in its dimension. Axial–Flexual Response of Cross-Sections The actual bending in a flexural member is about a single axis, defined earlier
BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE to EN 1992-1 : 2003 Read More »
CONTINUOUS CONCRETE BEAM are structural elements that support loads applied transversely to the beam axis, which produce a combination of shear and bending stresses. Concrete beams are usually continuous, this is, they span between multiple supports acting structurally as a single element.
CONTINUOUS CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN to BS 8110:2005 Table 3.5 Read More »
To design a two-way spanning in-situ concrete slab using Table 3.14 of BS 8110:2005, you will need the following information: Loadings: Determine the imposed load, dead load, and any other relevant loadings acting on the slab. These loads will depend on the specific project and its requirements. Span dimensions: Determine the span dimensions of the
2-WAY SPANNING INSITU CONCRETE SLABS to BS 8110:2005 (Table 3.14) Read More »
