A stair flight is a The simplest type of staircase consists of an inclined, reinforced concrete slab. It is supported at its ends by beams, and steps are formed on its upper surface. … The units become monolithic through the action of the reinforcing steel and site cast concrete of the column.
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A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. Flight. It is a continuous series of steps in one direction,, separated by horizontal platforms or winders. Landing.
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A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
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A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side.
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Circular Column: Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used as a reinforcement bar and its bending resistance is generally higher than the square or rectangular column.
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Introduction Eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns are commonly exist in practice due to the existence of some bending moments. The eccentricity of the supported beams as well as the unavoidable imperfections of construction are the main sources of the developed bending moments in the columns under gravity loads. In addition, lateral loads due to wind
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A column chart is a data visualization where each category is represented by a rectangle, with the height of the rectangle being proportional to the values being plotted. Column charts are also known as vertical bar charts Column charts are useful for showing data changes over a period of time or for illustrating comparisons among items. In
An engineer needs to carry this calculation out for every column and every floor, summing the results at the end to arrive at a cumulative load for a given column at the foundation.
Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. … The program provides for the ultimate strength and service stress design and analysis of one-way beam and slab and two-way flat plate systems.
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Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called ‘drop panels’
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Ribbed slabs are slabs cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists which in turn are supported by a set of beams. The main advantage of ribbed floors is the reduction in weight achieved by removing part of concrete below the neutral axis. … Solid slabs of uniform thickness can be one-way or two way.
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A Ribbed Slab gives considerable extra strength in one direction while a waffle slab gives added strength in both directions. And this is possible only in monolithically cast concrete which is the two-way grid of beams. In comparison to the solid slab, the span limits of ribbed slabs are considerably longer.
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The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
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The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
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SUBFRAME ANALYSIS The general steps for analysing a determinate frame are: Use equilibrium to find all reaction forces. Split the frame into separate members. Any point load or moment which acts directly on a joint between two or more members must be placed on only ONE of the members when they are split up.
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Introduction. Crack width calculation is one of the serviceability requirements in the structural concrete elements. … The crack width of a flexural member is obtained by multiplying the maximum crack spacing by the mean strain of the flexural steel reinforcement.
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Punching shear is a phenomenon where a concentrated force on a slab causes a shear failure cone that “punches” through. Punching shear calculations require a demand value and a capacity value. Many hand calculations will consider a punching shear force against a punching shear capacity force.
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Axial tension force can be defined as the force acting on a body in its axial direction. It’s a pulling force that will cause the body to elongate linearly in the positive direction causing a change in its dimension. Axial–Flexual Response of Cross-Sections The actual bending in a flexural member is about a single axis, defined earlier
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The elements of design are the fundamental aspects of any visual design which include shape, color, space, form, line, value, and texture. Graphic designers use the elements of design to create an image that can convey a certain mood, draw the eye in a certain direction, or evoke a number of feelings.
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Welded connections are connections whose components are joined together primarily by welds. Welds can be classified according to: … Positions of the welds: horizontal, vertical, overhead, and flat welds. • Types of joints: butt, lap, corner, edge, and tee.
